LITERATUR


[ Index ]


ARMSTRONG P.B. (1991): Cellular and humoral immunity in the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus. In: Immunology of Insects and Other Arthropods. Hrsg.: A.P. Gupta. CRC Press Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, London. S.: 3-17.

ASHIDA M., OCHIAI, M., NIKI T. (1988): Immunolocalization of prophenoloxidase among hemocytes of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Tissue and Cell 20: 599-610.

ASHIDA M. & YAMAZAKI H.I. (1990): Biochemistry of the phenoloxidase system in insects: With special reference to its activation. In: Moulting and Metamorphosis. Hrsg.: E. Ohnishi & H. Isizaki. Japan Sci. Soc. Press, Tokio und Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. S.: 239-265.

AUDY P., GRENIER J., ASSELIN A. (1989): Lysozyme activity in animal extracts after sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 92: 523-527.

BAERWALD R.J. (1975): Inverted gap and other cell junctions in the cockroach hemocyte capsules: A thin section and freeze fracture studie. Tissue and Cell 7: 575-585.

BAERWALD R.J. & BOUSH G.M. (1970): Fine structure of the hemocytes of Periplaneta americana (Orthoptera: Blattidae) with particular reference to marginal bundles. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 31: 151-161.

BAINES D., DESANTIS T., DOWNER R.G.H. (1992): Octopamine and 5-Hydroxytryptamine enhance the phagocytic and nodule formation activities of cockroach (Periplaneta americana) haemocytes. Journal of Insect Physiology 38: 905-914.

BAINES D., DOWNER R.G.H. (1994): Octopamine enhances phagocytosis in cockroach hemocytes: Involvement of inositol trisphosphate. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26: 249-261.

BARRACCO M.A., DUVIC B. & SÖDERHÄLL K. (1991): The ß-1,3-glucan-binding protein from the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, when reacted with a ß-1,3-glucan, induces spreading and degranulation of crayfish granular cells. Cell and Tissue Research 266: 491-497.

BAUCHAU A.G. (1981): Crustaceans. In: Invertebrate blood cells. Vol. 2. Hrsg.: N.A. Ratcliffe & A.F. Rowley, Academic Press, New York. S.: 385-420.

BEHNKE O. (1970): A comparative study of microtubles of disk-shaped blood cells. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 31: 61-75.

BOGUSCH, O. (1990): Substratspezifität, Aktivatoren und Inhibitoren der Phenoloxidase von Rhapidostreptus virgator virgator (Diplopoda, Spirostreptidae). Staatsexamamensarbeit, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Gießen.

BOMAN H.G., FAYE I., V. HOFSTEN P., KOCKUM K., LEE J.-Y., XANTHOPOULOS K.G., BENNICH H., ENGSTRÖM Å, MERRIFIELD B.R., ANDREU D. (1986): Antibacterial immune proteins in insects - A review of some current perspectives. In: Immunity in Invertebrates. Hrsg.: M. Brehélin. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. S.: 63-73.

BOMAN H.G. & HULTMARK D. (1987): Cell-free immunity in insects. Annual Review of Microbiology 41: 103-126.

BOWEN R.C. (1967): Defense reactions off certain spirobolid millipedes to larval Macracanthorhynchus ingens. Journal of Parasitology 53: 1092-1095.

BOWEN R.C. (1968): Tyrosinase in millipede hemocytes. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 87: 390-393.

BREHÉLIN M., DRIF L., BAUD L., BOEMARE N. (1989): Insect haemolymph: cooperation between humoral and cellular factors in Locusta migratoria. Insect Biochemistry 19: 301-307.

BREHÉLIN M. & ZACHARY D. (1986): Insect Haemocytes: A new classification to rule out the controversy. In: Immunity in Invertebrates. Hrsg.: M. Brehélin. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. S.: 36-48.

BREY P.T., LEBRUM R.A., PAPIEROK B. OHAYON H., VENNAVALLI S. & HAFEZ J. (1988): Defense reactions by larvae of Aedes aegypti during infection by the aquatic fungus Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycete). Cell and Tissue Research 253: 245-250.

BROOKMAN J.L., ROWLEY A.F., RATCLIFFE N.A. (1988): Studies on nodule formation in locusts following injection of microbial products. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 53: 315-323.

BURCK H.CH. (1982): Histologische Technik. 5. Aufl. Thieme Stuttgart, New York.

CANICATTI C. (1992): Cellular and molecular basis of encapsulation in sea cucumber hosts. In: Echinoderm Research 1991. Hrsg.: L. Scalera-Liaci & C. Canicatti. Balkema Rotterdam. S.: 209-216.

CHADWICK J.M. & ASTON P. (1978): An overview of insect immunity. In: Animal models of comparative and developmental aspects of immunity and diseases. Hrsg.: M.E. Gershwin & E.L. Cooper. Pergamon Press Oxford. S.: 1-14.

CHAIN B.M. & ANDERSON R.S. (1982): Selective depletion of the plasmatocytes in Galleria mellonella following injection of bacteria. Journal of Insect Physiology 28: 377-384.

CHARALAMBIDIS N.D., BOURNAZOS S.N., LAMBROPOULOU M., MARMARAS V.J. (1994): Defense and melanization depend on the eumelanin pathway, occur independently and are controlled differentially in developing Ceratitis capitata. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 24: 655-662.

CHARALAMBIDIS N.D., BOURNAZOS S.N., ZERVAS C.G., KATSORIS P.G., MARMARAS V.J. (1994): Glycosylation and adhesiveness differentiate larval Ceratitis capitata tyrosinases. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27: 235-248.

CHISHOLM J.R.S., SMITH V.J. (1995): Comparison of antibacterial activity in the hemocytes of different crustacean species. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 110: 39-45.

CHRISTENSEN B.M. & NAPPI A.J. (1988): Immune responses of arthropods. ISI Atlas of Science. Animal and Plant Sciences. S.: 15-19.

CHURCHILL D., COODIN S., SHIVERS R.R., CAVENEY S. (1993): Rapid de novo formation of gap junctions between insect hemocytes in vitro: a freeze-fracture, dye-transfer and patch-clamp study. Journal of Cell Science 104: 763-772.

CLARE A.S. & LUMB G. (1994): Identification of haemocytes and their role in clotting in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Marine Biology 118: 601-610.

COHEN W.D., NEMHAUSER I., COHEN M.F. (1983): Marginal bands of lobster blood cells: Disappearance associated with changes in cell morphology. Biological Bulletin 164: 50-61.

COLES J.A. & PIPE R.K. (1994): Phenoloxidase activity in the haemolymph and haemocytes of the marine mussel Mytilus edulis. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 4: 337-352.

COOPER E.L. (1981): Immunity in invertebrates. Critical Reviews in Immunology 2: 1-32.

CROSSLEY C.A. (1975): The Cytophysiology of insects. Advances in Insect Physiology 11: 117-222.

DEVAUCHELLE G. (1971): Étude ultrastructurale des hémocytes du Coléoptère Melolontha melolontha (L.). Journal of Ultrastructure Research 34: 492-516.

DRIF L. & BRÉHELIN M. (1993): Structure, classification and functions of insect haemocytes. In: Insect Immunity. Hrsg.: J.P.N Pathak. Kluwer Academic Publishers and Oxford & IBH Pub Co Pvt Ltd New Deli. S.: 1-14.

DULARY B. & LACKIE A.M. (1985): Haemocytic encapsulation and the prophenoloxidase-activation pathway in the locust Schistocerca gregaria Forsk. Insect Biochemistry 15: 827-834.

DUNN P.E., DAI W., KANOST M.R., GENG C. (1985): Soluble peptidoglycan fragments stimulate antibacterial protein synthesis by the fat body from larvae of Mandcua sexta. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 9: 559-568.

DURLIAT M. (1991): Coagulation in Crustacea. In: Immunology of Insects and Other Arthropods. Hrsg.: A.P. Gupta. CRC Press Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, London. S.: 239-272.

EHLERS D., ZOSEL B., MOHRIG W., KAUSCHKE E., EHLERS M. (1992): Comparison of in vivo and invitro phagocytosis in Galleria mellonella L.. Parasitology Research 78: 354-359.

FANÇOIS J. (1974): L'encapsulation hémocytaire experimental chez le lépisme Thermobia domestica. Journal of Insect Physiology 21: 1535-1546.

FAYE I. (1990): Acquired immunity in insects: The recognition of nonself and the subsequent onset of immune protein genes. Research in Immunology 141: 927-932.

FENOGLIO C., BERNARDINI P., GERVASO M.V. (1993): Cytochemical characterization of the hemocytes of Leucophaea maderae (Dictyoptera: Blaberoidea). Journal of Morphology 218: 115-126.

FENOUIL E. & ROCH PH. (1991): Evidence and characterization of lysozyme in six species of freshwater crayfishes from astacidae and cambaridae families. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 99: 43-49.

FLEMING A. (1922): On a remarkable bacteriolytic element found in tissues and secretions. Proceedings of the Royal Society 93: 306-317.

GENEDANI S., BERNARDI M., FONTANILI P., OTTAVIANI E., FRANCESCHI C. (1994): Influence of endorphins on the migration of molluscan hemocytes. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C 107: 79-81.

GIBLIN R.M. & PLATZER E.G. (1984): Hemolymph pH of the larvae of three species of mospuitoes, and the effect of Romanomermis culicivorax parasitism on the blood pH of Culex pipiens. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 44: 63-66.

GLAUERT M.A. & GLAUERT R.H. (?): Embedding in 'Araldite' for electron microscopy. 'Araldite' casting resin M. with hardeer 964B and accelerator 964C. Data Sheet No. M.4. 'Araldite' Devision, CIBA (A.R.L.) Ltd. Duxford Cambridge England. S.: 1-2.

GOODALL H. & Johanson M.H. (1982): Use of carbocyfluorescein diacetate to study formation of permeable channels between mouse blastomeres. Nature 295: 524-526.

GÖTZ P. (1973): Immunreaktionen bei Insekten. Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau 26: 367-375.

GÖTZ P. (1982): Wie Insekten sich gegen Krankheitserreger und Parasiten verteidigen. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin (N.F.) 22: 33-48.

GÖTZ P. (1988): IV. Immunologie. Immunreaktionen bei Wirbellosen, insbesondere Insekten. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 81: 113-129.

GÖTZ P. (1991): Invertebrate immune response to fungal cell wall components. Fungal Cell Wall and Immune Response. Hrsg.: J.P. Latgé & D. Boucais. NATO ASI Series H 53. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. S.: 317-329.

GÖTZ P., ENDERLEIN G., ROETTGEN I. (1987): Immune reactions of Chironomus larvae (Insecta: Diptera) against bacteria. Journal of Insect Physiology 33: 993-1004.

GÖTZ P. & TRENCZEK T. (1991): Antibacterial proteins in insects other than Lepidoptera and Diptera and in some other invertebrates. In: Immunology of Insects and Other Arthropods. Hrsg.: A.P. Gupta. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, London. S.: 323-346.

GÖTZ P. & VEY A. (1974): Humoral encapsulation in Diptera (Insecta): defense reactions of Chironomus larvae against fungi. Parasitology 68: 193-205.

GOVEN A.J., CHEN S.C., FITZPATRICK L.C., VENABLES B.J. (1994): Lysozyme activity in earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) coelomic fluid and coelomocytes. Enzyme assay for immunotoxicity of xenobiotics. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13: 607-613.

GRACE T.D.C. (1962): Establishment of four strains of cells from insect tissues grown in vitro. Nature 195: 788-789.

GRATECOS F., NAIDET C., ASTIER M., THIERY J.P., SÉMÉRIVA M. (1988): Drosophila fibronectin: a protein that shares properities similar to those of its mammalian homologue. EMBO Journal 7: 215-223.

GREGOIRE CH. (1970): Haemolymphe coagulation in arthropods. Symposia of the Zoological Society London 27: 45-74.

GRÉGOIRE CH. (1955): Blood coagulation in arthropods. VI. A study by phase contrast microscopy of blood reations in vitro in Onychophora and in various groups of Arthropods. Archives de Biologie 66: 489-508.

GRÉGOIRE CH. & FLORKIN M. (1950): Blood coagulation in arthropods: I The coagulation of insect blood, as studied with the phase contrast microscope. Physiologia Comparata et Oecologia 2: 126-139.

GUPTA A.P. (1986): Arthropod immunocytes. Identification, structure, functions, and analogies to the functions of vertebrate B- and T-lymphocytes. In: Hemocytic and humoral immunity in arthropods. Hrsg.: A.P.Gupta. John Wiley & Sons New York. S.: 3-59.

GUPTA A.P. (1991): Gap cell junctions, cell adhesion molecules, and molecular basis of encapsulation. In: Immunology of Insects and Other Arthropods. Hrsg.: A.P. Gupta. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, London. S.: 133-167.

HAGOPIAN M. (1971): Unique structures in the insect granular hemocytes. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 36: 646-658.

HAN S.S. & GUPTA A.P. (1988): Arthropod immune system. V. Activated immunocytes (granulocytes) of the german cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) show increased number of microtubles and nuclear pores during immune reactions to foreign tissue. Cell Structure and Function 13: 333-343.

HAN S.S. & GUPTA A.P. (1989): Arthropod immune system. II. Encapsulation of implanted nerve cord and "Plain Gut" surgical suture by granulocytes of Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) Zoological Science 6: 303-320.

HARA T., MIYOSHI T., TSUKAMOTO T. (1993): Comparative studies on larval and pupal phenoloxidase of the housefly, Musca domestica L. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 106: 287-292.

HART P. & YOUNG M.R. (1975): Interference with normal phagosome-lysosome fusion in macrophages, using ingested yeast cells and suramin. Nature 256: 47-49.

HELBING G. (1985): Jahreszeitliche Veränderungen des Hämolymphproteinspektrums von Lithobius forficatus (L.)(Chilopoda). Zoologische Jahrbücher Physiologie 89: 99-106.

HERZOG H.-U. (1983): Temperatureinflüsse auf die Hämolymphe von Libellenlarven der Gattung Aeschna cyanea. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 76: 229.

HOFFMANN J.A. (1995): Innate immunity of insects. Current Opinion in Immunology 7: 4-10.

HOLLANDE A.C. (1930): La digestion des bacilles tuberculeux par les leucocytes du sang des chenilles. Achives de Zoologie expérimental et général 70: 231-280.

HOROHOV D.W. & DUNN P.E. (1982): Changes in the circulating hemocyte population of Manduca sexta larvae following injection of bacteria. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 40: 327-339.

HOROHOV D.W. & DUNN P.E. (1983): Phagocytosis and nodule formation by hemocytes of Manduca sexta larvae following injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 41: 203-213.

HUGHES L. & PRICE G.M. (1975): Tyrosinase activity in the larva of the fleshfly, Sarcophaga barbarta. Journal of Insect Physiology 21: 1373-1384.

HUGHES JR. TH.K., SMITH E.M., BARNETT J.A., CHARLES R., STEFANO G.B. (1991): LPS stimulated invertebrate hemocytes: A role for immunoreactive TNF and IL-1. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 15: 117-122.

HULTMARK D. (1993): Immune reactions in Drosophila and other insects: A model for innate immunity. Trends in Genetics 95: 178-183.

HULTMARK D. (1994): Insect immunology - Ancient relationships. Nature 367: 116-117.

HULTMARK D., STEINER H., RASMUSON T., BOMAN H.G. (1980): Insect immunity. Purification and properities of three inducible bactericidal proteins from hemolymph of immunized pupae of Hyalophora cecropia. European Journal of Biochemistry 106: 7-16.

IWANAGA S. (1993): The Limulus clotting reaction. Current Opinion in Immunology 5: 74-82.

JAKOBSEN P.P. & SUHR-JESSEN P. (1990): The horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus has two kinds of hemocytes: granulocytes and plasmatocytes. Biological Bulletin 178: 55-64.

JOHANSSON M.W. & SÖDERHÄLL K. (1989 a): A cell adhesion factor from crayfish haemocytes has degranulating activity towards crayfish granular cells. Insect Biochemistry 19: 183-190.

JOHANSSON M.W. & SÖDERHÄLL K. (1989 b): A peptide containing the cell adhesion sequence RGD can mediate degranulation and adhesion of crayfish granular haemocytes. Insect Biochemistry 19: 573-579.

JOLLÈS P. & JOLLÈS J. (1984): What's new in lysozyme research? Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 63: 165-189.

JONES J.C. (1962): Current concepts concerning insect hemocytes. American Zoologist 2: 209-249.

KAAYA G.P. (1993): Inducible humoral antibacterial immunity in insects. In: Insect Immunity. Hrsg.: J.P.N. Pathak. Kluwer Academic Publishers and Oxford & IBH Pub Co Pvt Ltd New Delhi. S.: 69-89.

KAHN V. (1985): Tropolone - a compound that can aid in differentiating between tyrosinase and peroxidase. Phytochemistry 24: 915-920.

KARNOVSKY M.J. (1965): A formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative of high osmolarity for use in electron microscopy. Journal of Cell Biology 27: 137A-138A.

KARP R.D. (1990): Inducible humoral immunity in insects: Does an antibody-like respose exist in invertebrates? Research in Immunology 141: 932-934.

KARP R.D., DUWEL L.E., FAULHABER L.M., HARJU M.A. (1994): Evolution of adaptive immunity: Inducible responses in the American cockroach. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 712: 82-91.

KLEIN J. (1989): Are invertebrates capable of anticipatory immune responses? Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 29: 499-505.

KNAPP PH.E. & SWANSON J.A. (1990): Plasticity of the tubular compartment in macrophages. Journal of Cell Science 95: 433-439.

KOBAYASHI M., JOHNSSON M.W., SÖDERHÄLL K. (1990): The 76 kD cell-adhesion factor from crayfish haemocytes promotes encapsulation in vitro. Cell and Tissue Research 260: 13-18.

KRISHNAN G. & RAVINDRANATH M.H. (1973): Phenol oxidase in the blood cells of millipedes. Journal of Insect Physiology 19: 647-653.

KUHN K.H., HAUG T. (1994): Ultrastructural, cytochemical, and immunocytochemical characterization of haemocytes of the hard tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari; Chelicerata). Cell and Tissue Research 277: 493-504.

LA PEYRE J.F., CHU F.-L.E., MEYERS J.M. (1995): Haemocytic and humoral activities of eastern and Pacific oysters following challenge by the protozoan Perkinsus marinus. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 5: 179-190.

LACKIE A.M. (1980): Invertebrate immunity. Parasitology 80: 393-412.

LACKIE A.M. (1981): Immune recognition in insects. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 5: 191-204.

LACKIE A.M. (1988): Haemocyte behaviour. Advances in Insect Physiology 21: 85-178.

LADENDORFF N.E. & KANOST M.R. (1991): Bacteria-induced protein P4 (hemolin) from Manduca sexta: A member of the immunoglobulin superfamily which can inhibit hemocyte aggregation. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 18: 285-300.

LAEMMLI U.K. (1970): Cleavage of structure protein during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227: 680-685.

LANZ H., TSUTSUMI V., ARECHIGA H. (1993): Morphological and biochemical characterization of Procambarus clarki blood cells. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 17: 389-397.

LEE W.J. & BREY P.T. (1995): Isolation and characterization of the lysozyme-encoding gene from the silkworm Bombyx mori. Gene 161: 199-203.

LEONARD C., RATCLIFFE N. A., ROWLEY A. F. (1985): The role of prophenoloxidase activation in non-self recognition and phagocytosis by insect blood cells. Journal of Insect Physiology 31: 789-799.

LEONARD C., SÖDERHÄLL K., RATCLIFFE N.A. (1985): Studies on prophenoloxidase and protease activity of Blaberus craniifer haemocytes. Insect Biochemistry 15: 803-810.

LOCKE M. (1987): The very rapid induction of filopodia in insect cells. Tissue and Cell 19: 301-318.

MATTEONI R. & KREIS, T.E. (1987): Translocation and clustering of endosomes and lysosomes depends on microtubles. Journal of Cell Biology 105: 1253-1255.

MCKAY D. & JENKIN C.R. (1970 a): Immunity in the Invertebrates. The role of serum factors in phagocytosis of erythrocytes by haemocytes of the freshwater crayfish (Parachaeraps bicarinatus). Australian Journal of experimental Biology and medical Science 48: 139-150.

MCKAY D. & JENKIN C.R. (1970 b): Immunity in the invertebrates. The fate and distribution of bacteria in normal and immunised crayfish (Parachaeraps bicarinatus). Australian Journal of experimental Biology and medical Science 48: 599-607.

MCKAY D. & JENKIN C.R. (1970 c): Immunity in the invertebrates. Correlation of the phagocytic activity of haemocytes with resistance to infection in the crayfish (Parachaeraps bicarinus). Australian Journal of experimental Biology and medical Science 48: 609-617.

METALNIKOV S. (1924): Phagocytose et réactions de cellules dans l'immunité. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, Paris. 38: 787-826.

METALNIKOV S. (1933): Immunité chez les insectes. 5th International Congress of Entomology. (Paris 1932) 2: 209-220.

MOHRIG W. & MESSNER B. (1968): Immunreaktionen bei Insekten. I. Lysozym als grundlegender antibakterieller Faktor im humoralen Abwehrmechanismus der Insekten. Biologisches Zentralblatt 87: 439-470.

MULNIX A.B. & DUNN P.E. (1994): Structure and induction of a lysozyme gene from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 24: 271-281.

NAPPI A.J. (1978): Immune reactions of invertebrates to foreign materials. Animal models of comparative and developmental aspects of immunity and diseases. Hrsg.: M.E. Gershwin & E.L. Cooper. Pergamon Press Oxford. S.: 15-24.

NAPPI A.J. & SUGUMARAN M. (1993): Some biochemical aspects of eumelanin formation in insect immunity. In: Insect Immunity. Hrsg.: J.P.N. Pathak. Kluwer Academic Publishers and Oxford & IBH Pub Co Pvt Ltd New Delhi. S.: 131-148.

NAPPI A.J. & VASS E. (1993): Melanogenesis and the generation of cytotoxic molecules during insect cellular immune reactions. Pigment Cell Research 6: 117-126.

NAPPI A.J., VASS E., FREY F., CARTON Y. (1995): Superoxide anion generation in Drosophila during melanotic encapsulation of parasites. European Journal of Cell Biology 68: 450-456.

NELLAIAPPAN K., NICKLAS G., SUGUMARAN M. (1994): Detection of dopachrome isomerase activity on gels. Analytical Biochemistry 220: 122-128.

NELLAIAPPAN K. & SUGUMARAN M. (1996): On the presence of prophenoloxidase in the hemolymph of the horseshoe crab, Limulus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 113: 163-168.

NELLAIAPPAN K. & VALIVITTAN K. (1993): Differentiation of tyrosine hydroxylase and phenol oxidase after electrophoresis. Biotechnic & Histochemistry 68: 281-283.

NELLAIAPPAN K. & VINAYAKAM A. (1993): A method for demonstrating prophenoloxidase after electrophoresis. Biotechnic & Histochemistry 68: 193-195.

NELLAIAPPAN K., VINAYAGAM A., KALYANI R. (1989): Electrophoretic pattern of blood and cuticular phenoloxidase of different crustaceans. Experimental Biology 48: 177-179.

NEUWIRTH M. (1973): The structure of hemocytes in Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera). Journal of Morphology 139: 105-124.

NEVERMANN L. (1989): Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen der Haemocyten von Lithobius forficatus und ihre Bedeutung für zelluläre Abwehrreaktionen. Diplomarbeit, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Gießen.

NEVERMANN L. (1992): Haemocytäre Kapselbildungen bei den Chilopoden Lithobius forficatus und Scolopendra cingulata. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 85: 267.

NEVERMANN L., KAISER H.E., XYLANDER W.E.R. (1996): Microbial induced hemocytic immune reactions in chilopods. In Vivo 10(2): 161-168.

NEVERMANN L. & XYLANDER W.E.R. (1992): Cellular immune responses in centipedes and millipedes (Arthropoda, Tracheata). Abstracts of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Heidelberg, 16.-21.8.1992. S.: 124.

NEVERMANN L. & XYLANDER W.E.R. (1996): In vitro cellular immune reactions of hemocytes against bacteria and their differential degradation in myriapods. In: Acta Myriapodologica. Hrsg.: J.-J. Geoffroy, J.-P. Mauriès & M. Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin. Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 169: 409-418.

NEVERMANN L., XYLANDER W.E.R., SEIFERT G. (1991): The hemocytes of the centipede Lithobius forficatus (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha): Light and electron microscopic studies using in-vitro techniques. Zoomorphology 110: 317-327.

OTTAVIANI E. (1991): Tissue distribution and levels of natural and induced serum lysozyme immunoreative molecules in a freshwater snail. Tissue and Cell 23: 317-324.

OTTAVIANI E., CASELGRANDI E., FRANCESCHI C. (1995): Cytokines and evolution: In vitro effects of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha and TNF-beta on an ancestral type of stress response. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 207: 288-292.

PALM N.-B. (1953): The elimination of injected vital dyes from the blood in Myriapods. Arkiv för Zoologi 6: 219-246.

PECH L.L., STRAND M.R. (1995): Encapsulation of foreign targets by hemocytes of the moth Pseudoplusia includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) involves an RGD-Dependent cell adhesion mechanism. Journal of Insect Physiology 41: 481-488.

PECH L.L., TRUDEAU D., STRAND M.R. (1995): Effects of basement membranes on the behavior of hemocytes from Pseudoplusia includens (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae): Development of an in vitro encapsulation assay. Journal of Insect Physiology 41: 801-807.

PENZLIN H. (1981): Lehrbuch der Tierphysiology. 3. Aufl. Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.

POINAR G.O. JR, LEUTENEGGER R., GÖTZ P. (1968): Melanotic Capsules in Diabrotica. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 25: 293-306.

PORCHET-HENNERÉ E., M'BERRI M. DHAINAUT A., PORCHET M. (1987): Ultrastructural study of the encapsulation response of the polychaete annelid Nereis diversicolor. Cell and Tissue Research 248: 463-471.

PORCHET-HENNERÉ E. & VERNET G. (1992): Cellular immunity in an annelid (Nereis diversicolor, Polychaeta): Production of melanin by a subpopulation of granulocytes. Cell and Tissue Research 269: 167-174.

PREIK-STEINHOFF H., EUE I., TRENCZEK T. (1992): Einsatz von FITC-markiertem LPS zur Funktionsanalyse der Haemocyten von Galleria mellonella und Hyalophora cecropia. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 85: 213.

PRESTON J. W. & TAYLOR R. L. (1970): Observations on the phenoloxidase system in the haemolymph of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae. Journal of Insect Physiology 16: 1729-1744.

PRICE C.D. & RATCLIFFE N.A. (1974): A reappraisal of insect haemocyte classification by the examination of blood from fifteen insect orders. Zeitschrift für Zellforschung 147: 537-549.

RAJULU S.G. (1971): A study of haemocytes in a centipede Scolopendra morsitans (Chilopoda: Myriapoda). Cytologia 36: 515-521.

RANTAMÄKI J., DURRANT H., LIANG Z., RATCLIFFE N.A., DUVIC B., SÖDERHÄLL K. (1991): Isolation of a 90 kDa protein from haemocytes of Blaberus craniifer which has similar functional and immunological properties to the 76 kDa protein from crayfish haemocytes. Journal of Insect Physiology 37: 627-634.

RATCLIFFE N.A. (1982): Cellular defense reactions of insects. Fortschritte der Zoologie 27 o Zbl. Bakt. Suppl. 12: Immune Reactions to Parasites. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, New York. Band 27: 223-244.

RATCLIFFE N.A. & GAGEN S.J. (1977): Studies on the in vivo cellular reaction of Insects: An ultrastructural analysis of nodule formation in Galleria mellonella. Tissue and Cell 9: 73-85.

RATCLIFFE N.A., LEONARD C., ROWLEY A.F. (1984): Prophenoloxidase activation: nonself recognition and cell operation in insect immunity. Science 226: 557-559.

RATCLIFFE N.A. & WALTERS J.B. (1983): Studies on the in vivo cellular reactions of insects: Clearance of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria in Galleria mellonella larvae. Journal of Insect Physiology 29: 407-415.

RATNER S. & VINSON S.B (1983): Phagocytosis and encapsulation: Cellular immune response in Arthropoda. American Zoologist 23: 185-194.

RAVINDRANATH M.H. (1973): The hemocytes of a millipede, Thyropygus poseidon. Journal of Morphology 141: 257-268.

RAVINDRANATH M.H. (1981): Onychophorans and Myriapods. In: Invertebrate Blood Cells, Vol. 2. Hrsg.: N.A. Ratcliffe & A.F. Rowley. Academic Press New York. S.: 327-354.

REICHENOW E. & SCHELLACK C. (1912): Untersuchungen über die Coccidien aus Lithobius und Scolopendra (Barrouxia, Adelea, Eimeria). Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 22: 163-179.

REYNOLDS E. S. (1963): The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron-opaque stain in electron microscopy. Journal of Cell Biology 17: 208-212.

RIZKI R.M. & RIZKI T.M. (1990): Encapsulation of parasitoid eggs in phenoloxidase-deficient mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Insect Physiology 36: 523-529.

RIZKI T.M. & RIZKI R.M. (1992): Lamellocyte differentiation in Drosophila larvae parasitized by Leptopilina. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 16: 103-110.

ROMEIS B. (1989): Mikroskopische Technik. 17. Aufl. Hrsg.: P. Böck. Urban & Schwarzenberg München.

ROWLEY A.F. (1977): The role of haemocytes of Clitumnus extradentatus in haemolymph coagulation. Cell and Tissue Research 182: 513-524.

ROWLEY A.F. & RATCLIFFE N.A. (1976 a): The granular cells of Galleria mellonella during clotting and phagocytitic reactions in vitro. Tissue and Cell 8: 437-446.

ROWLEY A.F. & RATCLIFFE N.A. (1976 b): An ultrastructural study of the in vitro phagocytosis of Escherichia coli by the hemocytes of Calliphora erythrocephala. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 55: 193-202.

ROWLEY A.F. & RATCLIFFE N.A. (1981): Insects. In: Invertebrate Blood Cells, Vol. 2. Hrsg.: N.A. Ratcliffe & A.F. Rowley. Academic Press New York. S.: 421-488.

RUSSELL V.W. & DUNN P.E. (1990): Lysozyme in the pericardial complex of Manduca sexta. Insect Biochemistry 20: 501-509.

SALT G. (1970): The cellular defence reactions of insects. Cambridge Monographs in Experimental Biology No.16. Hrsg.: P.W. Brain, G.M. Hughes, G. Salt, E.N. Willmer. Cambridge at the University Press, Cambridge.

SAMAKOVLIS CH., ÅSLING B., BOMAN H.G., GATEFF E. & HULTMARK D. (1992): In vitro induction of cecropin gens - An immune responce in a Drosophila blood cell line. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 188: 1169-1175.

SAUL S.J., BIN L., SUGUMARAN M. (1987): The majority of Prophenoloxidase in the hemolymph of Manduca sexta is present in the plasma and not in the hemocytes. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 11: 479-485.

SCHÄCKE H., MÜLLER W.E.G., GAMULIN V., RINKEVICH B. (1994): The Ig superfamily includes members from the lowest invertebrates to the highest vertebrates. Immunology Today 15: 497-498.

SCHAPIRO H.C. (1975): Immunity in decapod crustaceans. American Zoologist 15: 13-19.

SCHARRER B. (1972): Cytophysiological features of hemocytes in cockroaches. Zeitschrift für Zellforschung 129: 301-319.

SCHLÜTER U. & SEIFERT G. (1987): Inducing melanotic nodules within the fat body of the last instar larvae of Epilachna varivestis (Coleoptera) by azadirachtin. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 51: 1-9.

SCHMIDT O., FAYE I., LINDSTRÖM-DINNETZ I., SUN S.C. (1993): Specific immune recognition of insect hemolin. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 17: 195-200.

SCHMIT A.R. & RATCLIFFE N.A. (1977): The encapsulation of foreign tissue implants in Galleria mellonella larvae. Journal of Insect Physiology 23: 175-184.

SCHNEEWEISS H. & RENWRANTZ L. (1993): Analysis of the attraction of haemocytes from Mytilus edulis by molecules of bacterial origin. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 17: 377-387.

SCHWÄGERL S. (1991): Cytochemische und elektrophoretrische Charakterisierung von Hämocyten und Hämolymph-Proteinen der Schildzecke Ixodes ricinus L. Diplomarbeit, Naturwissschaftliche Fakultät III, Universität Regensburg.

SHAPIRO M. (1979): Changes in hemocyte populations. In: Insect Hemocytes Hrsg.: A.P. Gupta. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. S.: 475-523.

SHERMAN R.G. (1981): Chelicerates. In: Invertebrate blood cells, Vol. 2. Hrsg.: N.A. Ratcliffe & A.F. Rowley Academic Press, New York. S.: 355-384.

SMITH V.J. & JOHNSTON P.A. (1992): Differential haemotoxic effect of PCB congeners in the common shrimp, Crangon crangon. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C 101: 641-649.

SMITH V.J. & SÖDERHÄLL K. (1983): b-1,3 glucan activation of crustacean hemocytes in vitro and in vivo. Biological Bulletin 164: 299-314.

SÖDERHÄLL K. & ASPÁN A. (1993): Prophenoloxidase activating system and its role in cellular communication. Insect Immunity. Hrsg.: J.P.N. Pathak. Kluwer Academic Publishers and Oxford & IBH Pub Co Pvt Ltd New Delhi. S.: 113-129.

SÖDERHÄLL K. & SMITH V.J. (1986 a): The Prophenoloxidase activating system: The biochemistry of its action and role in arthropod cellular immunity, with special reference to crustaceans. In: Immunity in Invertebrates. Hrsg.: M. Brehélin. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. S.: 208-223.

SÖDERHÄLL K. & SMITH V.J. (1986 b): Prophenoloxidase-activating cascade as a recognition and defens system in arthropods. In: Hemocytic and humoral immunity in arthropods. Hrsg.: A.P. Gupta. John Wiley & Sons New York. S.: 251-285.

STANG-VOSS CH. (1970): Zur Ultrastruktur der Blutzellen wirbelloser Tiere. I. Über die Haemocyten der Larve des Mehlkäfers Tenebrio molitor L.. Zeitschrift für Zellforschung 103: 589-605.

SUN S.-C., LINDSTRÖM I., BOMAN H.G., FAYE I., SCHMIDT O. (1990): Hemolin: An insect-immune protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Science 250: 1729-1732.

SUZUKI T. & FUNAKOSHI S. (1992): Isolation of a fibronectin-like molecule from a marine bivalve, Pinctada fucata, and its secretion by amebocytes. Zoological Science 9: 541-550.

SWAMMERDAM J. (1758): The book of nature, or the history of insects. C.G. Seyffert, London. Reprint Edition 1978, Arno Press.

SWANSON J. (1989): Fluorescent labeling of endocytotic compartments. Methods In Cell Biology 29: 137-151.

TABLIN F. & LEVIN J. (1988): The fine structure of the amebocyte in the blood of Limulus polyphemus. II. The amebocye cytoskeleton: A morphological analysis of the native, activated, and endotoxin-stimulated amebocyte. Biological Bulletin 175: 417-429.

TARTAKOFF A.M. & VASSALLI P. (1983): Lectin-binding sites as markers of Golgi subcompartments: proximal to distal maturation of oligosaccharides. Journal of Cell Biology 97: 1243-1248.

TAYLOR R.L. (1969): A suggested role for the polyphenol-phenoloxidase system in invertebrate immunity. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 14: 427-428.

TOH Y., MIZUTANI A., TOKUNAGA F., MUTA T., IWANAGA S. (1991): Morphology of the granular hemocytes of the japanese horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus and immunocytochemical localization of clotting factors and antimicrobial substances. Cell and Tissue Research 266: 137-147.

TOWBIN H., STAEHELIN T., GORDON J. (1979): Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: Procedure and some applications. Poceedings of the National Academy of Science 76: 4350-4354.

TRENCZEK T. (1988): Injury and immunity in insects. Studies with Hyalophora cecropia fatbody and hemocytes in vivo and in vitro. In: Endocrinological frontiers in Physiological Insect Ecology. Hrsg.: F. Sehnal, A. Zabza & D.L. Denlinger. Technical University Press, Wroclaw. S.: 369-378.

TRENCZEK T. (1992): Immunität bei Insekten? Biologie in unserer Zeit 22(4): 212-217.

TRZISZKA T. & CLOSTERMANN G. (1993): Die Bestimmung der Lysozym-Aktivität als Methode für die Eiqualitätsbeurteilung. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 57: 22-26.

TURSMAN D., DUMAN J.G., KNIGHT C.A. (1994): Freeze tolerance adaptations in the centipede, Lithobius forficatus. The Journal of Experimental Zoology 268: 347-353.

ULLRICH G. (1993): Antibakterielle Substanzen in der Haemolymphe decapoder Krebse. Staatsexamensarbeit, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Gießen.

VAN DER WALT E., MCCLAIN E., PUREN A., SAVAGE N. (1990): Phylogeny of arthropod immunity. An inducible humoral response in the Kalahari millipede, Triaenophorus triodus (Attems). Naturwissenschaften 77: 189-190.

VEY A. (1993): Humoral encapsulation. In: Insect Immunity. Hrsg.: J.P.N Pathak. Kluwer Academic Publishers and Oxford & IBH Pub Co Pvt Ltd New Deli. S.: 59-67.

VEY A. & GÖTZ P. (1975): Humoral encapsulation in Diptera (Insecta): comparative studies in vitro. Parasitology 70: 77-86.

VINSON S.B. (1974): The role of the foreign surface and female parasitoid secretions on the immune response of an insect. Parasitology 68: 27-33.

VOLKMANN A. (1991): Localization of phenoloxidase on the midgut of Periplaneta americana by larvae of Moniliformis moniliformis (Acanthocephala). Parasitology Research 77: 616-621.

WARR G.W. (1981): Immunity in invertebrates. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 38: 311-314.

WATSON M.L. (1958): Staining of tissue sections for electron microscopy with heavy metals. Journal of biophysical and biochemical Cytology 4: 475-478.

WENNING A. (1978): Struktur und Funktion des Exkretionssystems von Lithobius forficatus L. (Myriapoda, Chilopoda). Zoologische Jahrbücher Physiologie 82: 419-433.

WENNING A., GREISINGER U., PROUX J.P. (1991): Insect-like characteristics of the malpighian tubules of a non-insect: Fluid secretion in the centipede Lithobius forficatus (Myriapoda: Chilopoda). The Journal of Experimental Biology 158: 165-180.

WIGGLESWORTH V.B. (1956): The haemocytes and connective tissue formation in an insect, Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera). Quarternal Journal of microscopical Science 97: 89-98.

WIGGLESWORTH V.B. (1959): Insect blood cells. Annula Reviews in Entomology 4: 1-16.

XU J.H., NISHIJIMA M., KONO Y., TANIAI K., KATO Y., KADONOOKUDA K., YAMAMOTO M., SHIMABUKURO M., CHO (1995): Identification of a hemocyte membrane protein of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, which specifically binds to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 25: 921-928.

XYLANDER W.E.R. (1989): Antibacterial substances from the hemolymph of various myriapods. Symposium on Invertebrate Immunology, Lecce/Italy 25.-30.6.89. Abstracts, S.: 33.

XYLANDER W.E.R. (1990): Immune defense reactions of myriapods - recent results and perspectives. In: 8th International Congress of Myriapodology, Abstracts (Hrsg.: Universität Innsbruck) Veröffentlichungen der Universität Innsbruck 177: 65.

XYLANDER W.E.R. (1992 a): Immune defense reactions of Myriapoda - A brief review of recent results. In: Advances in Myriapodology (Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of Myriapodology). Hrsg.: K. Thaler, E. Meyer & W. Schedl. Berichte des naturw.-med. Verein Innsbruck, Suppl. 10: 101-110.

XYLANDER W.E.R. (1992 b): Immunabwehr-Reaktionen bei Diplopoden und Chilopoden. Habilitationsschrift, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Fachbereich Biologie, Gießen.

XYLANDER W.E.R. (1994): Immunabwehr bei Gliederfüßern - Wie sich Spinnentiere, Krebse, Insekten und Tausendfüßer gegen Krankheitserreger schützen. Spiegel der Forschung 11: 27-30.

XYLANDER W.E.R. & BOGUSCH O. (1992): Investigations on the phenoloxidase of Rhapidostreptus virgator (Arthropoda, Diplopoda). Zoologische Jahrbücher Physiologie 96: 309-321.

XYLANDER W.E.R. & NEVERMANN L. (1990): Antibacterial activity in the hemolymph of Myriapoda (Arthropoda). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 56: 206-214.

XYLANDER W.E.R. & NEVERMANN L. (1993): Phenoloxidase-aktive Haemocyten bei Lithobius forficatus, Scolopendra cingulata (Chilopoda) und Chicobolus spec. (Diplopoda). Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 86: 197.

ZACHARY D. & HOFFMANN D. (1984): Lysozyme is stored in the granules of certain haemocyte types in Locusta. Journal of Insect Physiology 30: 405-411.

ZACHARY D. & HOFFMANN J.A. (1973): The haemocytes of Calliphora erythrocephala (Meig.) (Diptera). Zeitschrift für Zellforschung 141: 55-73.

ZANGER K. (1995): Immunocytochemical localization of lysozyme in the nephrocytes of the harvestman, Leiobunum rotundum. Tissue and Cell 27: 299-308.

ZHAO L., KANOST M.R. (1996): In search of a function for hemolin, a hemolymph protein from the immunoglobulin superfamily. Journal of Insect Physiology 42: 73-79


[ Index ]

Copyright © 1996 LN, hemocytes@nevermanns.de
[ Letzte Aktualisierung 29.07.00 LN ]